CPU vs GPU vs TPU vs NPU: Understanding the processors powering AI

CPU vs GPU vs TPU vs NPU: Understanding the processors powering AI


  Artificial intelligence (AI) may be grabbing headlines through chatbots, image generators, and smart assistants, but the technology’s true foundation lies elsewhere. From training large language models in vast data centres to enabling real-time features on smartphones, CPUs, GPUs, TPUs, and NPUs are the silent engines shaping the future of AI. 


Traditional computing relied heavily on the Central Processing Unit (CPU), which remains the brain of most devices. However, AI applications require massive amounts of data to be processed simultaneously, which has created a demand for specialised processors. 


Instead of relying on a single type of chip, modern systems often combine multiple processors, with each handling the tasks it performs best.

 


CPU: The all-purpose processor


The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the general-purpose processor found in every computer, smartphone, and server. 


It is designed to handle a wide variety of tasks, including operating systems, applications, web browsing, and business software. CPUs excel at sequential processing, where instructions are executed one after another with high accuracy and flexibility. 


Key strengths of CPUs include:


  • Managing overall system operations

  • Running general software applications

  • Handling complex decision-making tasks

  • Coordinating other processors in a system


While CPUs can run AI models, they are generally not the fastest or most efficient option for large-scale AI workloads.


GPU: The parallel processing powerhouse


Graphics Processing Units, or GPUs, were originally developed to render graphics for gaming and visual applications. However, their ability to perform thousands of calculations simultaneously made them ideal for AI and machine learning. 


Unlike CPUs, which focus on a few powerful processing cores, GPUs contain thousands of smaller cores that can process large volumes of data parallelly. 


This makes GPUs particularly effective for:


  • Training large AI models

  • High-performance computing

  • Image and video processing

  • Scientific simulations


TPU: Google’s AI specialist


The Tensor Processing Unit, or TPU, is a specialised AI accelerator developed by Google. Unlike GPUs, which serve multiple purposes, TPUs are specifically designed for machine learning operations involving neural networks and tensor calculations. This focused design allows them to deliver high efficiency for AI training and inference workloads. 


TPUs are primarily used within Google’s cloud ecosystem and power many of the company’s AI services. Recent generations have been built to support increasingly large AI models while improving performance and energy efficiency.


NPU: Bringing AI directly to devices


The newest member of the processor family is the NPU, or Neural Processing Unit. NPUs are designed specifically for AI tasks and are increasingly appearing in smartphones, personal computers, bringing AI capabilities directly to devices instead of sending every task to remote data centres. 


Their primary advantage is efficiency, as they can perform AI calculations while consuming significantly less power than CPUs or GPUs. 


Common NPU-powered functions include:


  • Real-time language translation

  • AI photo and video enhancements

  • Voice recognition

  • On-device generative AI features


Since AI processing can happen locally, NPUs can improve privacy, reduce latency, and lower dependence on cloud services.


Where hyperscalers fit in


The rise of AI has also increased the importance of hyperscalers, cloud companies that operate enormous data centres capable of scaling computing resources globally. 


Major hyperscalers such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud rely on a mix of CPUs, GPUs, TPUs, and other specialised accelerators to deliver cloud computing and AI services at scale. 


As demand for AI grows, hyperscalers are investing in their own specialised chips to improve performance and manage costs. Google’s TPU is a prominent example of how cloud giants are building custom hardware to strengthen their AI capabilities. 

 



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Last day! Hexagon Nutrition IPO ends; subscription tops 16x, GMP at 14%

Last day! Hexagon Nutrition IPO ends; subscription tops 16x, GMP at 14%


Hexagon Nutrition IPO subscription, Day 3: Hexagon Nutrition continued to attract strong investor interest for its initial public offering (IPO), which closes for public subscription on Tuesday, June 9. The ₹138.87-crore maiden share sale of the research-oriented pure-play nutrition company was subscribed 16.09 times, led by robust demand from non-institutional investors (NIIs), who subscribed 40.98 times their reserved quota. 


Retail investors followed, subscribing 14.38 times their allotted portion. Qualified institutional buyers (QIBs), however, showed relatively muted interest, with the category subscribed only 0.41 times, or 41 per cent, of the shares reserved for them. 

Investor sentiment towards the issue has also been supported by activity in the grey market. According to sources tracking the unofficial market, the company’s unlisted shares were trading at ₹51.5 apiece, indicating a grey market premium (GMP) of ₹6.5, or 14.44 per cent, over the upper end of the IPO price band of ₹45 per share. 
READ | SpaceX IPO frenzy: Can Indian investors tap $75-bn blockbuster offering?

 


Hexagon Nutrition IPO details


Through its maiden share sale, Hexagon Nutrition aims to raise ₹138.87 crore via an entirely offer-for-sale (OFS). The issue comprises the sale of up to 30.9 million equity shares by promoters Arun Purushottam Kelkar, Subhash Purushottam Kelkar, Aditya Kelkar, and Nutan Subhash Kelkar. 


The company has fixed the price band at ₹42–₹45 per share, with a lot size of 333 shares. Investors can bid for a minimum of 333 shares and in multiples thereof. At the upper end of the price band, retail investors are required to invest at least ₹14,985 for one lot, while the maximum permissible retail application of 13 lots (4,329 shares) would entail an investment of ₹1,94,805. 


With the public issue closing for subscription today, the basis of allotment is expected to be finalised on Wednesday, June 10. Shares are likely to be credited to successful applicants’ demat accounts on Thursday, June 11. 


Hexagon Nutrition shares are scheduled to list on the stock exchanges on Friday, June 12, 2026. 


KFin Technologies is the registrar to the issue, while Cumulative Capital and Catalyst Capital Partners are acting as the book-running lead managers. 


Should you subscribe to Hexagon Nutrition IPO?

Brokerages have expressed mixed views on the issue. Swastika Investmart has recommended the IPO for investors with a long-term investment horizon of two to three years, while advising those seeking listing gains to avoid the issue. 
Equivision, on the other hand, has suggested that investors may consider subscribing. It said that, given the company’s diversified nutrition portfolio, established manufacturing footprint, and industry positioning, the issue appears reasonably priced relative to listed peers. READ MORE 
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(Disclaimer: View and outlook shared belong to the respective brokerages/analysts and are not endorsed by Business Standard. Readers’ discretion is advised.)

 



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Apple's AI reset is a step in right direction, but rollout questions linger

Apple's AI reset is a step in right direction, but rollout questions linger


Apple opened its Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) 2026 with platform updates, child safety features, and what may prove to be the company’s most consequential announcement in years: a complete reset of its artificial intelligence strategy centred on an overhauled Siri. The move has been a long time coming. 


At WWDC 2024, Apple previewed a contextually aware Siri capable of understanding personal information, app activity, and on-screen content. The company subsequently advertised those capabilities alongside new iPhone models, but the promised experience never fully arrived, forcing Apple to delay what was expected to be the centrepiece of its AI strategy. 


That version of Siri is now effectively history. 

 

What Apple unveiled at WWDC 2026 is a rebuilt Siri, called Siri AI, that combines personal context from apps, messages, emails, photos, and on-device data with broader world knowledge powered by Google’s Gemini models. Apple describes it as an entirely new version of Siri that is more capable, conversational, and context aware.


 
The assistant can search across emails, photos, and messages, answer questions about content visible on screen, and retrieve current information from the web. More importantly, Siri is no longer merely a background service. Apple has transformed it into a dedicated application where conversations persist over time, allowing users to interact in a more natural, conversational manner. 


Industry analysts view the new direction as significantly more compelling than Apple’s earlier AI efforts. 


“While WWDC 2025 was defined by Liquid Glass, 2026 is all about Siri. Apple, though late to the party, has lived up to expectations with Siri AI, thanks to the Gemini partnership. The implementation looks extremely promising,” said Tarun Pathak, research director at Counterpoint Research. 


“Apple is viewing AI with the user at the centre of it. The usage of world knowledge, personal context, on-screen awareness combined with app actions creates an end-to-end implementation. With the dedicated app for Siri and a commitment to visual intelligence, Apple could elevate the overall user experience.”


Privacy remains Apple’s key differentiator


As Siri expands beyond the role of a generic digital assistant and gains access to both personal context and external knowledge, questions around privacy become inevitable. 


Apple said Siri AI maintains the same privacy protections that underpin its broader ecosystem. The company is relying on its foundation models for on-device processing and its Private Cloud Compute architecture for more demanding workloads. Apple has repeatedly emphasised that its cloud infrastructure has been designed for independent verification, allowing researchers to examine its privacy and security claims. 


Analysts believe this approach could become Apple’s biggest advantage as AI systems gain access to increasingly personal information.


 
“The biggest differentiator here is the cross-platform play, backed by a firm promise of privacy. This is where Apple’s advantage lies,” Pathak said. 


“If iOS 27 delivers a genuinely conversational Siri as promised, Apple could reset the narrative and enter the iPhone 18 supercycle with its most compelling upgrade story in years. As AI becomes more dependent on personal context, Siri AI could become the ultimate ecosystem lock-in.”


Late to AI, but not necessarily out of the race


Apple’s delayed arrival to generative AI has raised questions about whether the company has fallen behind rivals such as Google, Microsoft, and OpenAI. 


Analysts acknowledge that Apple is entering the market later than many competitors, but argue that the company has historically succeeded by arriving after foundational technologies have matured and then integrating them into a cohesive consumer experience. 


“Apple has historically entered major platform shifts late, yet shaped the category through superior integration, ecosystem control, and product execution,” said Prabhu Ram, vice-president of the Industry Research Group at CyberMedia Research. 


“AI presents a more fundamental challenge because the underlying model is now inseparable from the experience, making technological depth a strategic imperative rather than merely a differentiator.” 


According to Ram, Apple’s strategy is increasingly focused on competing at the experience layer rather than the model layer. 


“At WWDC 2026, Apple repositioned its AI strategy around personalised, experience-first computing. By embedding capabilities such as on-screen awareness, agentic workflows, Visual Intelligence, and cross-app actions at the platform level—and combining partner models with its strengths in on-device processing, hardware-software integration, and privacy—Apple is competing on the experience, not the model.”


The technology looks ready. The question is timing


If there is one issue that continues to shadow Apple’s AI ambitions, it is execution. 


The memory of the Siri delays that followed WWDC 2024 remains fresh, making timelines as important as capabilities. While Apple demonstrated a significantly more ambitious Siri this year, it stopped short of committing to a firm release schedule, saying only that Siri AI will enter beta later this year. 


For analysts, that caveat remains the biggest unanswered question. 


“No competitor has yet delivered personalised AI at this depth of platform integration and at Apple’s scale. That is a meaningful structural advantage,” Ram said.


 
“The key risk, however, remains pace and execution. After years of delays, the lack of firm shipping timelines beyond a beta later this year still leaves open questions around delivery.” 


Apple appears to have finally articulated a coherent AI vision, one that combines personal context, world knowledge, privacy safeguards, and deep integration across its ecosystem. On paper, it may be the company’s strongest AI proposition yet. 


Whether it becomes Apple’s next major platform advantage, however, will depend less on what was shown on stage and more on whether the company can deliver it to users on time. 


“What Apple demonstrated is directionally compelling, but real-world adoption over the next 18 months will be the true measure,” Ram said. “That period could define both the closing chapter of Tim Cook’s tenure and the strategic foundation inherited by John Ternus.”



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Monsoon may slow down as western disturbance creeps in over north-west India

Monsoon may slow down as western disturbance creeps in over north-west India


Satellite map this (Tuesday) morning showed monsoon clouds persisting south of Mumbai, but extending towards the rest of the west coast right up to Thiruvananthapuram.
| Photo Credit:
www.windy.com

The monsoon remains vigorous along stretches of India’s west coast – from Ratnagiri in Maharashtra through Panaji in Goa, and Mangaluru in Karnataka to Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala. However, questions are emerging over the sustainability of the heavy-rain regime beyond a couple of days.

Rain and thundershowers are being reported this (Tuesday) morning across parts of interior Maharashtra; Karnataka; and Telangana, including Akole, Pune, Satara and Kolhapur in Maharashtra; Belagavi, Hubballi, Davanagere, Shivamogga, Kalaburagi, Bengaluru, Mysuru and Raichur in Karnataka; Hyderabad, Jadcherla and Khammam in Telangana; Kurnool, Macherla, Markapur and Ongole in Andhra Pradesh; and Dharmapuri, Salem, Cuddalore, Tiruchirappalli, Nagapattinam and Madurai in Tamil Nadu.

Cyclonic circulation

A cyclonic circulation persists over the east-central Arabian Sea off the south Konkan coast, helping strengthen monsoon flows across south Goa; Karnataka; Telangana; and Andhra Pradesh. Over Mumbai, however, winds are expected to remain relatively weak, limiting the prospects for a full-fledged monsoon onset for the next few days. 

Even so, Mumbai and adjoining areas could receive thundershowers under the influence of an approaching western disturbance, with an associated trough extending into the north-east Arabian Sea off the Konkan coast.

Western disturbance

According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the intruder disturbance will affect the Himalayan region over next two days. A relatively weak successor is expected around Saturday and may persist until June 17. As a result, the monsoon’s progress is likely to remain sluggish during this period. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) indicates that this slowdown could begin as early as Thursday.

Heavy rainfall

Heavy rainfall on Wednesday is expected to be largely confined to the coastal belt from Panaji (Goa) through Karwar and Bhatkal to Mangaluru (Coastal Karnataka) and Kannur (Kerala). Thereafter, both the intensity and spatial extent of rainfall are likely to decrease progressively over the following days.

Forecasters are also monitoring signs of a circulation developing over the Bay of Bengal near the Andhra Pradesh–Odisha coast by June 22-23. If it materialises, it could provide fresh momentum for the monsoon’s advance into Central India, as also along the northern parts of the west coast.

Published on June 9, 2026



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Cemindia Projects zooms 116% in 3 months; what's driving Adani Group stock?

Cemindia Projects zooms 116% in 3 months; what's driving Adani Group stock?



Cemindia Projects share price today: Shares of Cemindia Projects (formerly ITD Cementation India) hit a new high of ₹1,180 today, rallying 8 per cent on the BSE in intra-day trade on a healthy business outlook. 

 


In the past 11 trading days, the stock price of the Adani Group Company has surged 37 per cent. In the past three months, it has more than doubled or zoomed 116 per cent. The stock has bounced back 145 per cent from its 52-week low of ₹481.40 touched on March 2, 2026.

 

At 10:09 AM, Cemindia Projects was quoting 6 per cent higher at ₹1,164.50, compared to a 0.16 per cent rise in the BSE Sensex. A combined of around 650,000 equity shares changed hands on the NSE and BSE.

 
 


What’s driving Adani Group’s civil construction company stock?

 


Cemindia Projects is one of the leading engineering and construction companies undertaking heavy civil, infrastructure and EPC business and expertise in maritime structures, mass rapid transit systems, airports, hydro-electric power, tunnels, dams & irrigation, highways, bridges & flyovers, industrial structures & buildings, foundation & specialist engineering and data centres. In May 2025, Renew Exim DMCC, an Adani Group Entity, became the new promoter of the company.

 

 

During FY26, the company secured record order inflows of ₹14,821 crore. An all-time high order book of ₹24,545 crore provides strong revenue visibility, supported by a diversified project mix and continued momentum across core infrastructure sectors, the management said. 
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Cemindia Projects: Outlook

 


Government-led investments in roads, railways, metros, airports, ports, irrigation, and urban infrastructure have provided strong order visibility across sectors. The record capital expenditure allocation in the Union Budget 2026–27 further reinforces the long-term pipeline of projects, ensuring continued momentum in core infrastructure development, Cemindia Projects said in its FY26 annual report.

 


During FY26, Cemindia Projects secured new contracts totalling ₹14,821 crore across key sectors, including maritime structures, metro rail, airports, data centre, etc.

 


The broader infrastructure environment in India remains supportive. The country’s strategy reflects a calibrated shift toward scale, integration, and asset quality, with sustained public capital expenditure serving as a strong growth catalyst. Coordinated investments across roads, railways, ports and digital infrastructure are improving logistics efficiency and reducing transit times. 

 


The institutionalisation of integrated planning under the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan, alongside reforms in infrastructure financing and asset monetisation, has strengthened execution frameworks and encouraged private sector participation, the company said.

 


Enhanced transport connectivity is improving market access and enabling greater participation in global value chains. At the same time, infrastructure development is expanding to include digital public infrastructure and clean energy systems, supporting productivity and sustainability. Sustaining investment momentum and aligning infrastructure development with priorities such as decarbonisation and digitalisation will be critical to advancing India’s long-term development vision under Viksit Bharat@2047, Cemindia Projects said.

 


Looking ahead, Cemindia Projects is poised to enter its next phase of strategic growth while strengthening its position as a trusted partner in India’s infrastructure transformation journey, the company said.



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