Top central banks said on Thursday they stood ready to tackle any surge in inflation with tighter policy as the latest escalation in the Iran war put the Middle East’s vital energy infrastructure in the line of fire, pushing fuel prices higher.

In a rare coincidence of the monetary policy diary, central banks of the United States, Japan, Britain, Canada and the euro zone – effectively the Group of Seven (G7) nations – convened this week, as have counterparts from several emerging economies.

After facing criticism they acted too late to tame a post-COVID jump in inflation exacerbated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, policymakers are determined to rein in prices without derailing still-patchy economic growth – and above all to avoid a “stagflation” mix of recession and price surges.

The US Federal Reserve and the Bank of Canada on Wednesday both opted to hold interest rates steady, as did the Bank of Japan, Bank of England, European Central Bank and the central banks of Switzerland and Sweden on Thursday.

Yet they made clear they are on alert, wary that rising energy prices could spark a wave of inflation across the wider economy if, for example, it starts to prompt higher wage demands by households ​fearful of losing purchasing power.

“The war in the Middle East has made the outlook significantly more uncertain, creating upside risks for inflation and downside risks for economic growth,” the ECB said.

In her press conference after the decision, ECB President Christine Lagarde said the euro zone was resilient and that low inflation meant it was “well positioned” to deal with what she called “a major shock that is unfolding”.

The central bank raised its forecast for inflation this year to 2.6 per cent – above its 2 per cent target – and released scenarios under which inflation could fall back down again if the shock proved temporary but rise to 4.8 per cent next year if disruption continued.

Commenting on the unanimous decision by the Bank of England’s policy-making committee to keep rates on hold, BoE Governor Andrew Bailey said the bank would have to respond to a persistent impact on UK inflation.

But he played down expectations on markets for a sharp tightening in policy as traders priced in two 25-basis-point rate hikes by year-end, up from just one prior to the meeting.

“I would caution against reaching any strong conclusions about us raising interest rates,” Bailey said in an interview pooled for British broadcasters. “Today we’ve given a very clear message. The right place to be is on hold.”

US RATE HIKE STARTS TO GET PRICED IN

Marking an escalation in the war that began on February 28, Iranian strikes since Wednesday have caused extensive damage to the world’s largest gas plant in Qatar and hit other Gulf infrastructure following Israeli attacks on its own gas facilities.

Such strikes already start to make it more likely that the global economy will have to grapple with longer-term damage to energy supplies. But Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell noted that quantifying that hit was still impossible.

“In the near term, higher energy prices will push up overall inflation, but it is too soon to know the scope and duration of the potential effects on the economy,” Powell said after the Fed’s 11-1 decision to hold rates in the 3.50 per cent -3.75 per cent range.

His reluctance to say that risks of a weakening job market posed a greater risk to the Fed’s objectives than inflation helped push market rate-cut expectations into 2027 and even raised odds of a hike at the next meeting to 12 per cent .

In Tokyo, Bank of Japan Governor Kazuo Ueda said the BOJ would not rule out a near-term rate hike if the expected hit to growth from surging oil costs proves temporary, and does not derail progress in durably hitting the bank’s price target.

“We need to be mindful that recent developments come at a time when companies are already actively pushing up prices and wages, which suggests they could pass on costs more aggressively than after the war in Ukraine,” Ueda told a news conference.

Bank of Canada Governor Tiff Macklem struck a similar note: “If energy prices stay high, we will not let their effects broaden and become persistent inflation,” he said.

GROWING ‘STAGFLATION’ RISK?

Earlier this week the Reserve Bank of Australia hiked rates to a 10-month high and warned of a “material” risk to inflation from the oil price spike.

Even Brazil’s central bank, with one of the highest rates of all major economies, opted for a cautious 25-basis-point cut to a benchmark 14.75 per cent rate – a smaller cut than initially expected.

On Thursday both the Swiss National Bank and Sweden’s Riksbank kept policy rates on hold, flagging the uncertainty of how the war will end up impacting the economy.

European markets fell sharply on Thursday and US stock futures dipped as the attacks on energy infrastructure pushed benchmark Brent oil prices above $119 a barrel.

“This latest escalation feels like a turning point for markets because the conflict is no longer just about military headlines or Strait of Hormuz closure,” Charu Chanana, chief investment strategist at Saxo in Singapore, said.

“It is now hitting the plumbing of the global energy system. What is unsettling markets now is the growing stagflation risk.”