The Justice Department on Thursday announced a sweeping antitrust lawsuit against Apple, accusing the tech giant of engineering an illegal monopoly in smartphones that boxes out competitors, stifles innovation and keeps prices artificially high.

The lawsuit, filed in federal court in New Jersey, alleges that Apple has monopoly power in the smartphone market and leverages control over the iPhone to engage in a broad, sustained, and illegal course of conduct.

Apple has locked its consumers into the iPhone while locking its competitors out of the market, said Deputy Attorney General Lisa Monaco. Stalling the advancement of the very market it revolutionised, she said, it has “smothered an entire industry.

Apple called the lawsuit wrong on the facts and the law and said it will vigorously defend against it.

It specifically seeks to stop Apple from undermining technologies that compete with its own apps — in areas including streaming, messaging and digital payments — and prevent it from continuing to craft contracts with developers, accessory makers and consumers that let it obtain, maintain, extend or entrench a monopoly.

The lawsuit filed with 16 state attorneys general is just the latest example aggressive antitrust law enforcement by a Justice Department that has also taken on Amazon, Google and other tech giants with the stated aim of making the digital universe more fair, innovative and competitive.

The Department of Justice has an enduring legacy taking on the biggest and toughest monopolies in history, said Assistant Attorney General Jonathan Kanter, head of the antitrust division, at a press conference announcing the lawsuit. “Today we stand here once again to promote competition and innovation for next generation of technology.

Antitrust researcher Dina Srinavasan, a Yale University fellow, compared the lawsuit’s significance to the government’s action against Microsoft a quarter century ago in picking a “tremendous fight with what has been the world’s most prosperous company.

It’s a really big deal to go up and punch someone who is acting like a bully and pretending not to be a bully, she said.

President Joe Biden has called for the Justice Department and the Federal Trade Commission to vigorously enforce antitrust statutes. While its stepped-up policing of corporate mergers and questionable business practices has met resistance from some business leaders accusing the Democratic administration of overreach it’s been lauded by others as long overdue.

The case seeks to pierce the digital fortress that Apple Inc., based in Cupertino, California, has assiduously built around the iPhone and other popular products such as the iPad, Mac and Apple Watch to create what is often referred to as a walled garden so its meticulously designed hardware and software can seamlessly flourish together while requiring consumers to do little more than turn the devices on.

The strategy has helped Apple attain annual revenue of nearly USD 400 billion and, until recently, a market value of more than USD 3 trillion. But Apple’s shares have fallen by 7 per cent this year even as most of the stock market has climbed to new highs, resulting in long-time rival Microsoft to seize the mantle as the world’s most valuable company.

Apple said the lawsuit, if successful, would hinder our ability to create the kind of technology people expect from Apple where hardware, software, and services intersect and would “set a dangerous precedent, empowering government to take a heavy hand in designing people’s technology.

At Apple, we innovate every day to make technology people love designing products that work seamlessly together, protect people’s privacy and security, and create a magical experience for our users, the company said in a statement. This lawsuit threatens who we are and the principles that set Apple products apart in fiercely competitive markets.

Apple has defended the walled garden as an indispensable feature prized by consumers who want the best protection available for their personal information. It has described the barrier as a way for the iPhone to distinguish itself from devices running on Google’s Android software, which isn’t as restrictive and is licensed to a wide range of manufacturers.

Apple claims to be a champion of protecting user data, but its app store fee structure and partnership with Google search erode privacy, Consumer Reports senior researcher Sumit Sharma said in a statement.

The lawsuit complains that Apple charges as much as USD 1,599 for an iPhone and that the high margins it earns on each is more than double what others in the industry get. And when users run an internet search, Google gives Apple a significant cut of the advertising revenue those searches generate.

The company’s app store also charges developers up to 30 per cent of the app’s price for consumers.

Critics of Apple’s anticompetitive practices have long complained that it’s claim to prioritise user privacy is hypocritical when profits are at stake. While its iMessage services is sheathed from prying eyes by end-to-end encryption, that protection evaporates the moment someone texts a non-Apple device.

Prominent critic Cory Doctorow has complained that while Apple has blocked Facebook from spying on its users it runs its own surveillance advertising empire that gathers the same kinds of personal data but for its own use.

Fears about an antitrust crackdown on Apple’s business model haven’t just contributed to the drop in the company’s stock price. There is also concerns it lags Microsoft and Google in the push to develop products powered by artificial intelligence technology.

Antitrust regulators made it clear in their complaint that they see Apple’s walled garden mostly as a weapon to ward off competition, creating market conditions that enable it to charge higher prices that have propelled its lofty profit margins while stifling innovation.

Consumers should not have to pay higher prices because companies break the law, said Attorney General Merrick Garland. Left unchallenged, Apple would “only continue to strengthen its smartphone monopoly, he added.

With the attempt to rein in Apple’s dominance, the Biden administration is escalating an antitrust siege that has already triggered lawsuits against Google and Amazon accusing them in engaging in illegal tactics to thwart competition, as well as unsuccessful attempts to block acquisitions by Microsoft and Meta Platforms, formerly Facebook.

Apple’s business interests are also entangled in the Justice Department’s case against Google, which went to trial last fall and is headed toward final arguments scheduled to begin May 1 in Washington, D.C.

In that case, regulators are alleging Google has stymied competition by paying for the rights for its already dominant online search engine to be the automatic place to handle queries on the iPhone and a variety of web browsers in an arrangement that generates an estimated USD 15 billion to USD 20 billion annually.

Now that the Justice Department is mounting a direct attack across its business, Apple stands to lose even more.