It’s 2 am and you’re still awake. Your surgery is coming up soon, and you have questions. What if there are complications? How long will recovery take? And more. 

More than 70 per cent of patients experience anxiety before surgery, studies show, and they seek reliable information on what lies ahead. But anecdotal experiences and online information can be confusing.

Expert-in-the-loop (EITL) chatbots offer a potential solution. They use large language models (LLM) and curated knowledge to respond to queries. They also have an additional step of verification and correction by human experts. The bot can selectively update its knowledge base using expert insights.

In the healthcare industry, EITL chatbots can provide patients on-demand access to doctor-verified medical information, thereby easing the load on physicians. 

A team at Microsoft Research Lab India, led by Mohit Jain, partnered with doctors and patient coordinators at Sankara Eye Hospital, Bengaluru, to create CataractBot, an EITL chatbot that can answer queries about cataract surgery. 

The team conducted several interviews to understand common questions and misconceptions about cataract surgery. The bot’s knowledge base drew from resources such as hospital procedures, treatment guidelines, and pre- and post-surgery guidelines. However, it did not include patient data to ensure privacy. 

CataractBot was developed in nine months, after an iterative process of feedback and refinement. 

Design decisions

A major challenge for an EITL chatbot is in catering to users from diverse linguistic, educational, and technical backgrounds. 

For instance, cataract surgery patients are usually above 60 years old. The bot must, therefore, take into account their comfort level with technology usage. So it uses a chat window on WhatsApp. Patients and their attendants can use text, speech, or tap-based interactions with the bot in five available languages. Responses are in text and audio formats to ensure literacy levels and language proficiency are no bar. 

EITL chatbots need expert input for verification. This can be challenging given time constraints. Intelligent design can mitigate this challenge. For instance, doctors on the CataractBot expert panel receive a one-click verification prompt to confirm the accuracy of an answer. Where needed, doctors can provide informal text feedback without editing the original response. 

Streamlined workflows

EITL chatbots can streamline workflows for experts, who merely need to verify LLM-generated responses instead of answering common inquiries directly. Over time, the bot’s ability to provide accurate answers is expected to improve. 

Dr Kaushik Murali, a paediatric ophthalmologist at Sankara Eye Hospital who was involved in developing CataractBot, says patients often have trouble remembering what the doctor says. They can unhesitatingly repeat their queries to the chatbot multiple times, freeing up doctors to focus on more complex issues during in-person visits.

Dr R Sowmya, another paediatric ophthalmologist, says, “It offers privacy to me and the patient… and encourages them to ask ‘silly’ questions that they may hesitate to ask otherwise.”

A new method of introducing controlled defects in MOF-based supercapacitors through laser irradiation, can help enhance performance of existing energy storage technologies.

In recent years, several methods have been investigated for creating defects, such as thermal annealing, chemical exposure, high-energy ball milling, e-beam and chemical vapour deposition. However, the extent of defects could not be controlled in the materials using these methods. Traditional methods lack the precision needed for fine-tuning of defects.

In order to enhance the activity of the pristine MOF (Metal Organic Framework) without transforming it into other materials or creating a composite out of it, scientists at the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Mohali, carefully adjusted laser power to systematically regulate defects and porosity resulting in a significant increase in the electrode’s surface area and activity, says a press release.

By precise tuning of the laser powers, Prof Vivek Bagchi and his team controlled the defects and porosity in pristine CuZn-BTC MOF without changing its crystal structure.

The novelty of this technique is that the crystallinity of the MOF material is mostly preserved; however, the laser irradiation enhances the activity of the material.

Scientists from Jawaharlal Nehru Centre For Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) and National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources (NBAIR), Bengaluru, have jointly developed a sustainable pheromone dispenser with a controlled release rate which could act as an innovative solution to reduce the costs of pest control and management.

Sustainable organic pheromone dispensers are not a new concept. In fact, polymer membrane or polypropylene tube dispensers that release pheromones already dominate the market. The released pheromones alter the behaviour of the target insect species and attract them to sticky traps. Their main drawback, however, is that the rate at which the pheromones are released into the air is not stable. These traps need to be checked and replaced frequently, which drives up costs and increases the amount of manual labour required.

To address this issue, the scientists have come up with a mesoporous silica matrix for their dispenser. This material has an ordered structure with many tiny pores, which allows pheromone molecules to be easily adsorbed and retained uniformly. Not only does mesoporous silica enable a higher holding capacity than other commercial materials, but it also releases the stored pheromone in a much more stable manner that is independent of external conditions, such as field temperature.

Using lures equipped with the proposed pheromone dispenser carries many advantages. First, thanks to the lower and more stable release rate of the loaded pheromone, the intervals between replacements are longer, thereby reducing the farmers’ workload. On top of this, the dispensers can be loaded with a more conservative amount of pheromone, as the condition-independent release rate will ensure they do not run out prematurely.